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文学评论现状

Today interest in literary theory and Continental philosophy coexists in

university literature

departments with a more conservative literary criticism of which the New

Critics would probably have approved. Acrimonious disagreements over the goals

and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by

critics during the “rise” of theory, have declined (though they still happen),

and many critics feel that they now have a great plurality of methods and

approaches from which to choose.

Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read

traditional literature; interest in the literary canon is still great, but many

critics are also interested in minority and women’s literatures, while some

critics influenced by cultural studies read popular texts like comic books or

pulp/genre fiction. Ecocritics have drawn connections between literature and the

natural sciences. Many literary critics also work in film criticism or media

studies. Some write intellectual history; others bring the results and methods

of social history to bear on reading literature.

文学的哲学

Strictly speaking, the philosophy of literature is a branch of aesthetics,

the branch of philosophy that deals with the question, “what is art?” Much of

aesthetic philosophy has traditionally focused on the plastic arts or music,

however, at the expense of the verbal arts. In fact, much traditional discussion

of aesthetic philosophy seeks to establish criteria of artistic quality that are

indifferent to the subject matter being depicted. Since all literary works,

almost by definition, contain notional content, aesthetic theories that rely on

purely formal qualities tend to overlook literature.

文学理论分类

Since theorists of literature often draw on a very heterogeneous tradition of

Continental philosophy and the philosophy of language, any classification of

their approaches is only an approximation. There are many “schools” or types of

literary theory, which take different approaches to understanding texts. Most

theorists, even among those listed below, combine methods from more than one of

these approaches (for instance, the deconstructive approach of Paul de Man drew

on a long tradition of close reading pioneered by the New Critics, and de Man

was trained in the European hermeneutic tradition).

文学理论和文学

One of the fundamental questions of literary theory is “What is literature?”,

though many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that

“literature” cannot be defined or that it can refer to any use of language.

Specific theories are distinguished not only by their

methods and conclusions, but even by how they define a “text”. For some

scholars of literature, “texts” comprises little more than “books belonging to

the Western literary canon.” But the principles and methods of literary theory

have been applied to non-fiction, popular fiction, film, historical documents,

law, advertising, etc., in the related field of cultural studies. In fact, some

scholars within cultural studies treat cultural events, like fashion or football

riots, as “texts” to be interpreted. By this measure, literary theory can be

thought of as the general theory of interpretation.