2018年7月28日雅思阅读机经预测（A类考试适用）

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文章题目

Trade

重复年份

20160109B 20120728

题材

发展史

题型

暂无

文章大意

贸易的发展史，讲了贸易的人的天性以及各地的贸易发展水平和状况。

Basically trade means exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also

called commerce. The actual face of trade was barter, which was the direct

exchange of goods and services. Today traders generally negotiate through a

medium of exchange, like money, which then makes buying separate from

selling, or earning. The invention of money has made trade simpler. Trade

between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than

two traders is called multilateral trade.

Trade exists for many reasons. It can be due to specialization and

division of labor. Trade exists between regions because different regions

have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or

because different regions' size helps getting benefits of mass production.

History of Trade:

Trade originated in prehistoric times. It was the main facility of

prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other when

modern money was never even thought of. Peter Watson dates the history of

long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.

Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded

human history. Materials used for the creation of jewelry were traded with

Egypt since 3000 BC. Long-distance trade routes first appeared in the 3rd

millennium BC, by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia when they traded with the

Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. Trading is greatly important to

the global economy. From the very beginning of Greek civilization to the fall

of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, a financially worthwhile trade

brought valuable spice to Europe from the Far East, including China.

The fall of the Roman Empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought

insecurity to Western Europe and a near end of the trade network. However

some trade did occur, the Radhanites were a medieval group of Jewish

merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the

Near East.

The Sogdians ruled the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road

from the end 4th century AD to the 8th century AD.

The Vikings and Varangians also traded from the 8th to the 11th

century as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western

Europe, while Varangians to Russia.

Vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Earlier to

his sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by

Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic

importance and helped encourage the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to

Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for

their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.

In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no

exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods.

In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper "An Inquiry into the

Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". This paper criticized

Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialization could benefit nations

just as much as firms. Since that time the division of labor was restricted

by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger

markets would be able to divide labor more efficiently and thereby become

more productive.

The Great Depression was a major economic collapse that ran from 1929

to the late 1930s. There was a great setback in trade and other economic

indicators during this period.

The lack of free trade was considered by many as a root cause of the

depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United

States.

文章题目

The

history of Russian Ballet

重复年份

20160114 20150418

20121124

题材

发展史

题型

判断6+填空7

文章大意

芭蕾舞发源于意大利，从17世纪后传入俄国后一直欣欣向荣。出了很多优秀的艺术家和作品，外国舞派也对俄国芭蕾舞发展有着影响。后期以戏剧味发展主流，一直讲到本世纪70年代的发展。

参考阅读：

Until 1689, ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and

isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. It wasn't

until the rise of Peter the Great that Russian society opened up to the West.

St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s

isolationism. Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of

the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was to challenge the

west. Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment, but as

a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized

way of behaving. The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians, but to

create a cultivated and new Russian people.

Empress Anna, (1730 – 1740) was devoted to ostentatious amusements (balls,

fireworks, tableaux), and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of

Jean-Baptiste Landé as dancing-master in the military academy she had founded in

1731 for sons of the nobility. In 1738, he became ballet master and head of the

new ballet school, launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia, and winning

the patronage of elite families.

France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg

(1801-1831), Jules Perrot(1848-1859) and Arthur Saint-Léon (1859-69).

In the early 19th century, the theaters were opened up to anyone who could

afford a ticket. A seating section called a rayok, or 'paradise gallery',

consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to

the ballet, because tickets in this section were inexpensive.

One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other

country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those

attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were

personally appointed by the tsar, and all the dancers were, in a sense, Imperial

servants. In the theatre, the men in the audience always remained standing until

the tsar entered his box and, out of respect, after the performance they

remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged

according to a strict pattern: first, the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box,

then to that of the theater director, and finally to the general public.

文章题目

We

have star performers

重复年份

20160114 20121124

题材

商业管理

题型

段落细节配对4+判断4+填空5

文章大意

人才与天赋，讨论人才和选人标准之间的论证。讲公司考核员工主要的依据，talents,文章批判了传统的观点（才能是与生俱来的，是不变的，是需要公司去发现的）。文章先用一段肯定了有才能的人的存在，然后分段讲到，才能是随时间变化的，是不能被精确度量的，是可以凭努力换来的。

参考答案：

段落细节配对：

28 One

example from non-commerce/business settings that better system wins

bigger starsF

29 One failed

company that believes stars rather than systemB

30 One

suggestion that author made to acquire employees then to win the

competition nowadaysG

31 One

metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of

hiring stars.C

判断：

32 McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not

expected the huge influence made by this

book.NG

33 Economic

condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire

foreign employees.YES

34 The collapse of Enron is caused totally by a

unfortunate incident instead of

company’s management mistake.NO

35 Football clubs that focus making stars inYES

填空：

An

investigation carried out on 1000 36analystsof a survey by Harvard Business Review

found a company hire a 37starhas negative

effects. For instance, they behave

considerably worse in a new team than in the 38working

environmentthat they used to be. They move faster than wall street

and increase their 39salary. Secondly, they

faced rejections or refuse from those 40rivalswithin

the team. Lastly, the one who made mistakes had been punished by selling

his/her stock share.

文章题目

The

influence of social network to people's loneliness

重复年份

20140920 20130622

题材

人文社科

题型

配对6+选择4+判断4

文章大意

社交媒体对人孤独的影响.越来越多的人开始使用社交媒体，有些人认为社交媒体使人变得更加孤独，有些人却不同意。在大学生中做了一个调查，结果表明孤独感与人们花时间在社交媒体上无关。社交媒体会使人变得焦虑，也会让人上瘾。

参考阅读：

Ethan Kross, a psychologist at the University of

Michigan, suggests that his recent research shows that online social media

use, rather than making us as users feel inter-connected, contributes to

overall life dis-satisfaction and loneliness.

This side-effect can have drastic results,

considering over 1.1 billion users around the world are linked up on Facebook

alone.

The study monitored 82 participants’ feelings and

well-being, compared to their social media use, over a long period of time.

This kind of LONG TERM comparative research was the first of its kind to be

conducted.

The main correlation result was: the more time spent

on social media, the less happy you will be over time.

A separate study in 2010 conducted by Carnegie

Mellon University discovered that when users are DIRECTLY interacting with

social media friends, such as posting pictures and status updates, tagging

photos, or liking things, their sociability and well-being increased.

However, the dangerous part of our social media use

stems from the time we are passively consuming social media content, which

represents a majority of user time spent on these platforms. This passive

consumption of other peoples idealized vacations, days off, meals,

boyfriends, family, etc. led users to feel lonely and unsatisfied with their

own lives, despite how eschewed this perception of others lives ACTUALLY is.

Thus, social media has forced us to face a grave

paradox: social media claims to be the platform that can connect users with

their friends, family, community and the like within seconds, and this is

true; however, never before have we experienced more isolation than we are

now as a result. Our obsession with our digital social media lives is

beginning to take precedence over our physical, here-and-now lives, resulting

in our inability to interact with real people, and enjoy life’s current

moments without being distracted by how this will be portrayed on social

media.

文章题目

Expert

in musician

重复年份

20160130 20140517

题材

人文社科

题型

选择4+判断6+填空4

文章大意

天赋是遗传先天的还是靠练习，主要以音乐为例。讨论坚持不懈对成功的作用和他们的关系。首先探讨了毅力是否是成功的必要条件，并阐述了众多学家就此提出的各类观点。在论证天才是不是也需要坚持不懈时，举例了莫扎特一个人坚持找工作的过程。最后证明了坚持不懈和成功的关系密切。

部分参考答案：

选择：

1. what's the

definition of talent in the first paragraph

brain structure different from others

2. what can

we learn from violin players?

Not sure the change of brain size is the cause of effect of practice

3. the result of

findings by experts suggest

Talent may have little to do with ....

判断题：

1. ericsson's

study has influenced other researchers.NG

2. the other

areas have one thing in common.Y

3. whose who

becoe world scale practice regularly every day NG

4. anyone

who practiced over 10.000 will become a talent N

5.current

learning and cognitive skills support the practice theory Y

填空题：

Receive a lot ofpractice from

his father. .... first symphony at the age of four....no官方真题Officialpular...but notinherited.

文章题目

Children

and robots

重复年份

20160305 20141002

题材

科技

题型

小标题5+配对5+填空3

文章大意

机器人对孩子学习的影响。主要讲到把机器人放在学校可以辅助老师还有陪学生玩，还可以让它们拥有表情促进交流，但是过度使用可能会造成伦理问题，此外还提到了几个科学家和他们的观点。

参考阅读：

Robotics is making inroads into society, not only in factories and

industry but also in homes and schools, where social robots are helping

children cope better with conditions such as diabetes and autism.

A robot and child

Studies show that interaction with a robot can benefit children with

certain medical conditions such as diabetes, as well as autism and other

developmental disorders. (Image: ALIZ-E project.)

This week, thousands of people – young and old – are exploring the

weirdness and wonders of robotics technology during the European Robotics

Week, which is taking place in labs, museums, public squares and schools all

over Europe.

But robotics offers more than just show and tell. It can make a real

difference in the lives of children who, for example, struggle with diabetes

or autism, or need extra help in the classroom.

‘Nao’ the friendly (but not

perfect) robot

Recently, scientists showed that social robots can help diabetic

children accept the nature of their condition and become more confident about

their futures. In the four-and-a-half year ALIZ-E project, a research team

led by Plymouth University studied the interactions between hundreds of

European children aged 7-11 and a robot prototype called ‘Nao’.

Standing around 60 centimetres tall and featuring specially designed

speech recognition software, ‘Nao’ helped the youngsters in keeping a diary

of food intake, insulin injections and blood sugar levels. Through quizzes

and games it also helped the kids to better understand diabetes and the huge

amount of information they are given.

According to ALIZ-E leader Tony Belpaeme, the robot is not just a

novelty factor to catch the children’s attention but a tool to engage and

motivate them. “In many cases where a child has diabetes, you notice their

confidence has been knocked and the robot can help restore that. By

personalising its responses and recognising the children it has met before,

the robots can support and educate, and we have seen many times the positive

impact this is having on children and their families,” Belpaeme says in a

Plymouth University news release.

The European Commission-funded study has not only shed light on how

children relate to social robots, but also how robots need to be designed to

maximise their impact when used for educational or therapeutic purposes.

“The

robot needs to personalise what it does.

If it treats children on an individual level, they immediately relate

to it – it taps into our primitive need to interact and communicate,”

Belpaeme says in the release. “One of the things that does appeal to children

is that the robot makes mistakes – if it never did so, it could become

intimidating. It does make the child realise they too don’t have to be

perfect all of the time.”

Robots to assist autistic children

The researchers also showed the robots have potential to act as

classroom assistants helping pupils who may be in danger of falling behind

their peers. The team is now exploring additional uses for the robots, for

instance to help children on the autistic spectrum.

“Our

initial work shows it could have an incredibly positive impact on those

children, and given that autism can impact heavily on someone’s ability to

communicate and build relationships, we now need to establish why it seems

they can relate to a tiny robot. From that, we can explore how widely we can

use the robot as a therapeutic tool and can we, in fact, use it to teach

about wider social interactions,” Belpaeme says.

As shown in a number of recent reports by the BBC, there is indeed

growing evidence that robots can help autistic children not only to learn but

also to improve their communication skills.

文章题目

Typography

Introduction of Printed books

重复年份

20160312 20110127

题材

发展史

题型

判断4+填空9

文章大意

活字印刷的历史。两个德国人去Italy的一个地方，后来又搬去了罗马，之后很多商人就开始注意到印刷的潜在经济价值。

参考答案：

判断题：

1. Early books have

many errors–F

2.活字印刷里就记得在M**某个地方只有富人才买得起书–T

3.刚开始printing的书，插图illustration–T

4. Business man in

Roma begin to notice the value of printing can make moneyF

填空题：

5.类似流程图从上往下一步步说怎么印刷

6-7.Assembling Fonts:sheet of

paper

8.第1版是用来更正错误的proof

reading

9.types……pages

are in right sequence

10.Local newspapers做宣传

11-12.问两种印刷方法的单词:bindingandsimulating

13. They lived very

near to the book industry

文章题目

Fluoridation

in the water

重复年份

20160312 20140719

20130119

题材

医疗健康

题型

选择题3+判断6+句子填空5

文章大意

本文讲述了氟化物添加对健康影响。对要不要对饮用水进行氟化处理，学者有两派不同的意见。

部分参考答案：

选择题：

1.How hot is the areaA

2.People should not be

forced to take compulsory medication

3.To demonstrate that

scientists’ finding will be influenced by social factors

判断题：

4.待补充

5.Science should not

decide policy

6.Scientific and

social factors should be separatedNo

7.Many sociologist

ignore S’s study

8.S work was not emphasized

by sicnetists outside the northern AmericaNG

9.Both supporters and

opponents have made valid argument.YES

填空题：

10.Science is

objective and unbiased

11.Can be affected by social factors

12.Scientific discovery cannot be understood at first

13.Cautious action is not necessary

14.People should have the right to choose

文章题目

Undergraduate students

study dramas

重复年份

20160331 20141018

题材

人文社科

题型

暂无

文章大意

文学专业学生的课程指南，提到了让学生观看英国不同时期剧院中的戏剧，并列举了不同时期四种剧院的特点。

参考阅读：

Medieval period

Main article:

Medieval theatre

By the medieval

period, the mummers' plays had developed, a form of early street theatre

associated with the Morris dance, concentrating on themes such as Saint

George and the Dragon and Robin Hood. These were folk tales re-telling old

stories, and the actors travelled from town to town performing these for

their audiences in return for money and hospitality.

Renaissance: Elizabethan and Jacobean periods

The period known as

the English Renaissance, approximately 1500—1660, saw a flowering of the

drama and all the arts. The two candidates for the earliest comedy in English

Nicholas Udall's Ralph Roister Doister (c. 1552) and the anonymous Gammer

Gurton's Needle (c. 1566), belong to the 16th century.

During the reign of

Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and then James I (1603–25), in the late 16th and

early 17th century, a London-centred culture, that was both courtly and

popular, produced great poetry and drama. The English playwrights were

intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had

settled in London. The linguist and lexicographer John Florio (1553–1625),

whose father was Italian, was a royal language tutor at the Court of James I,

and a possible friend of and influence on William Shakespeare, had brought

much of the Italian language and culture to England. He was also the

translator of Montaigne into English. The earliest Elizabethan plays includes

Gorboduc (1561) by Sackville and Norton and Thomas Kyd's (1558–94) revenge

tragedy The Spanish Tragedy (1592), that influenced Shakespeare's Hamlet.

17th and 18th centuries

Aphra Behn was the

first professional English woman playwright.

During the

Interregnum 1649—1660, English theatres were kept closed by the Puritans for

religious and ideological reasons. When the London theatres opened again with

the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, they flourished under the personal

interest and support of Charles II. Wide and socially mixed audiences were

attracted by topical writing and by the introduction of the first professional

actresses (in Shakespeare's time, all female roles had been played by boys).

New genres of the Restoration were heroic drama, pathetic drama, and

Restoration comedy. Notable heroic tragedies of this period include John

Dryden's All for Love (1677) and Aureng-zebe (1675), and Thomas Otway's

Venice Preserved (1682). The Restoration plays that have best retained the

interest of producers and audiences today are the comedies, such as George

Etherege's The Man of Mode (1676), William Wycherley's The Country Wife

(1676), John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696), and William Congreve's The Way of

the World (1700). This period saw the first professional woman playwright,

Aphra Behn, author of many comedies including The Rover (1677). Restoration

comedy is famous or notorious for its sexual explicitness, a quality

encouraged by Charles II (1660–1685) personally and by the rakish

aristocratic ethos of his court.

Victorian era

A change came in the

Victorian era with a profusion on the London stage of farces, musical burlesques,

extravaganzas and comic operas that competed with Shakespeare productions and

serious drama by the likes of James Planché and Thomas William Robertson. In

1855, the German Reed Entertainments began a process of elevating the level

of (formerly risqué) musical theatre in Britain that culminated in the famous

series of comic operas by Gilbert and Sullivan and were followed by the 1890s

with the first Edwardian musical comedies. W. S. Gilbert and Oscar Wilde were

leading poets and dramatists of the late Victorian period.[16] Wilde's plays,

in particular, stand apart from the many now forgotten plays of Victorian

times and have a much closer relationship to those of the Edwardian

dramatists such as Irishman George Bernard Shaw and Norwegian Henrik Ibsen.

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