【刷题锦囊】雅思阅读无限仿真模拟题详解：Lighting Up The Lies

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易伯华雅思名师讲堂今天和大家分享一篇阅读仿真模拟题“Lighting Up The Lies”（《谎言揭秘》），这是一篇论说文，全文共8段。大家可以在正文中看到原文和题目，可以先自己试着做一做，做完之后可以看看易伯华名师的悉心讲解。一起来学习吧！

Lighting Up The Lies

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on

Reading Passage below.

Last year Sean A. Spence, a professor at the school of medicine at the

University of Sheffield in England, performed brain scans that showed that a

woman convicted of poisoning a child in her care appeared to be telling the

truth when she denied committing the crime. This deception study, along with two

others performed by the Sheffield group, was funded by Quickfire Media, a

television production company working for the U.K.'s Channel 4, which broadcast

videos of the researchers at work as part of a three-part series called "Lie

Lab." The brain study of the woman later appeared in the journal European

Psychiatry.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) purports to detect mendacity by

seeing inside the brain instead of tracking peripheral measures of anxiety—such

as changes in pulse, blood pressure or respiration —measured by a polygraph.

Besides drawing hundreds of thousands of viewers, fMRI has pulled in

entrepreneurs. Two companies—Cephos in Pepperell, Mass., and No Lie MRI in

Tarzana, Calif.—claim to predict with 90 percent or greater certitude whether

you are telling the truth. No Lie MRI, whose name evokes the casual familiarity

of a walk-in dental clinic in a strip mall, suggests that the technique may even

be used for “risk reduction in dating”.

Many neuroscientists and legal scholars doubt such claims—and some even

question whether brain scans for lie detection will ever be ready for anything

but more research on the nature of deception and the brain. An fMRI machine

tracks blood flow to activated brain areas. The assumption in lie detection is

that the brain must exert extra effort when telling a lie and that the regions

that do more work get more blood. Such areas light up in scans; during the lie

studies, the illuminated regions are primarily involved in decision making.

To assess how fMRI and other neuroscience findings affect the law, the

Mac-Arthur Foundation put up $10 million last year to pilot for three years the

Law and Neuroscience Project. Part of the funding will attempt to set criteria

for accurate and reliable lie detection using fMRI and other brain-scanning

technology. “I think it's not possible, given the current technology, to trust

the results,” says Marcus Raichle, a neuroscientist at the Washington University

School of Medicine in St. Louis who heads the project's study group on lie

detection. “But it’s not impossible to set up a research program to determine

whether that’s possible.” A major review article last year in the American

Journal of Law and Medicine by Henry T. Greely of Stanford University and Judy

Illes, now at the University of British Columbia, explores the deficiencies of

existing research and what may be needed to move the technology forward. The two

scholars found that lie detection studies conducted so far (still less than 20

in all) failed to prove that fMRI is “effective as a lie detector in the real

world at any accuracy level.”

Most studies examined groups, not individuals. Subjects in these studies were

healthy young adults—making it unclear how the results would apply to someone

who takes a drug that affects blood pressure or has a blockage in an artery. And

the two researchers questioned the specificity of the lit-up areas; they noted

that the regions also correlate with a wide range of cognitive behaviors,

including memory, self- monitoring and conscious self-awareness.

The biggest challenge for which the Law and Neuroscience Project is already

funding new research—is how to diminish the artificiality of the test protocol.

Lying about whether a playing card is the seven of spades may not activate the

same areas of the cortex as answering a question about whether you robbed the

corner store. In fact, the most realistic studies to date may have come from the

Lie Lab television programs. The two companies marketing the technology are not

waiting for more data. Cephos is offering scans without charge to people who

claim they were falsely accused if they meet certain criteria in an effort to

get scans accepted by the courts. Allowing scans as legal evidence could open a

potentially huge and lucrative market. “We may have to take many shots on goal

before we actually see a courtroom.” says Cephos chief executive Steven Laken.

He asserts that the technology has achieved 97 percent accuracy and that the

more than 100 people scanned using the Cephos protocol have provided data that

have resolved many of the issues that Greely and Illes cited.

But until formal clinical trials prove that the machines meet safety and

effectiveness criteria, Greely and Illes have called for a ban on non-research

uses. Trials envisaged for regulatory approval hint at the technical challenges.

Actors, professional poker players and sociopaths would be compared against

average Joes. The devout would go in the scanner after nonbelievers. Testing

would take into account social setting. White lies—“no, dinner really was

fantastic”—would have to be compared against untruths about sexual peccadilloes

to ensure that the brain reacts identically.

There potential for abuse prompts caution. “The danger is that people’s lives

can be changed in bad ways because of mistakes in the technology,” Greely says.

“The danger for the science is that it gets a black eye because of this very

high profile use of neuroimaging that goes wrong.” Considering the long and

controversial history of the polygraph, gradualism may be the wisest course to

follow for a new diagnostic that probes an essential quality governing social

interaction.

Question 1-7

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with

opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-7 on your

answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

A Henry T. Greely ;Judy Illes

B Steven Laken

C Henry T. Greely

D Marcus Raichle

1 The possibility hidden in a mission impossible

2 The uncertain effectiveness of functional magnetic resonance imaging

for detecting lies

3 The hazard lying behind the technology as a lie detector

4 The limited fields for the use of lie detection technology

5 Several successful cases of applying the results from the lie detection

technology

6 Cons of the current research related to lie-detector tests

7 There should be some requested work to improve the techniques regarding lie

detection

Question 8-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

Passage 1?

In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

8 The lie detection for a convicted woman was first conducted by researchers

in Europe.

9 The legitimization of using scans in the court might mean a promising and

profitable business.

10 There is always something wrong with neuroimaging.

Question 11-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No

More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your

answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

It is claimed that functional magnetic resonance imaging can check lies by

observing the internal part of the brain rather than following up 11 to evaluate

the anxiety as 12 does. Audiences as well as 13 are fascinated by this amazing

lie-detection technology.

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