如何展开分析一篇文章？新SAT写作5大分析要点讲解

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新SAT考试会更加侧重学生能不能够完全适应美国大学里面的学术写作要求，日常的作业，和论文的完成等。所以，新的SAT作文考试要求学生首先具备一些基本的英语写作素养，比如说，遣词造句的能力、表达的能力、构建文章的能力。除此之外，新的考试会更关注于学生整体的读与写的能力，包括逻辑思维能力、辩证性思维能力、独立思考能力、论证能力、辩述能力、分析文章能力等。

虽然作文的分数在整体的SAT考试中是可选的，但在上一篇文章中已经介绍过，写作部分仍是著名大学考核的重要标准，所以童靴们一定要引起足够的重视。下面我们通过最新的官方样题来具体分析：

Adapted from Paul Bogard, “Let There be Dark.” 2012 by the Los Angeles

Times. Originally published December 21, 2012.

At my family’s cabin on a Minnesota lake, I knew woods so dark that my

hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky

trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in

the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry

we are rapidly losing night’s natural darkness before realizing its worth. This

winter solstice, as we cheer the days’ gradual movement back toward light, let

us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.

All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights.

Today, though, when we feel the closeness of nightfall, we reach quickly for a

light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at

night, spells trouble for all.

Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as

a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has voiced its

unanimous support for “light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction

efforts at both the national and state levels.” Our bodies need darkness to

produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and

our bodies need darkness for sleep.

Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular

disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of “short

sleep” is “long light.”Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets,

notebooks and smart phones to bed, there isn’t a place for this much artificial

light in our lives.

The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and

crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples

are well known—the400 species of birds that migrate at night? in North America,

the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs—and some are not, such as the

bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that

pollinate 80% of the world’s flora. Ecological light pollution is like the

bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several

billion years in the making. Simply put, without darkness, Earth’s ecology would

collapse.

In today’s crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, night’s darkness can

provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply.

Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life,

and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and

everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light. . .

how would Van Gogh have given the world his “Starry Night”? Who knows what this

vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or

grandchildren?

Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United

States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average

of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on

NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark country as recently as the

1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is

wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among

the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake

where I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.

It doesn’t have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our

ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights.

Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to

LED streetlights, which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted

light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of

their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed “city of light,”

which already turns of fits monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer

start to require its shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights

after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light

will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address

the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value

and beauty of the darkness we are losing.

Assignment: Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an

argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In

your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features listed in the

box above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and

persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most

relevant features of the passage.

Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard’s claims, but

rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.

我们来看一下具体该如何着手去写这篇文章，应该从哪几个点来展现作者的意图：

1. 用词：

a) The descriptive words used in this sentence add visual intensity,

evoking the wonder of the night sky.作者是如何使用词汇来突出文章的画面感。

b) The writer chooses his words carefully in this paragraph in order to

shape readers’ perceptions and bolster his claims. For example, he argues that

we are using too much light when less needed by referring to light being

“wasted.” He also suggests how easily the problem of light pollution might be

addressed, using “simply” to describe what“other communities” are doing.作者是如何选择词汇来加强自己的论证，同时说服读者相信自己的观点。

2. 论据：

The writer uses this statistic as evidence to inform his subsequent claim

that we “are rapidly losing night’s natural darkness.作者是如何使用数据作为论据引出下面他的观点的。

3. 如何展开文章：

The writer continues to draw ?on evidence from the authorities cited above.

He uses this evidence to inform his subsequent point ?that “whether we work at

night or simply take our . . . smartphones to bed, there isn’t a place for this

much artificial light in our lives.”作者是如何展开论证，使得整篇文章连为一体，整体联会贯通。

4. 如何使用论据支持文章：

The presentation of facts and evidence supports the claim that follows at

the end of the paragraph that “without darkness, Earth’s ecology would

collapse.”作者如何使用合适和相关的论据来支持自己的观点。

5. 修辞手法：

a) The writer compares light pollution to the effects of a “bulldozer,” a

machine that can be used to ravage land. This imagery dramatizes the destructive

potential of light pollution.作者是如何使用类比修辞来强调自己的论点。

b) The use of rhetorical questions encourages the reader to consider a

world without Van Gogh’s beloved painting and what Van Gogh’s vision inspires in

us all. The suggestion of a world without such artistry and the notion that

darkness is “invaluable to a soulful life” are also designed to evoke an

emotional reaction in the reader. 作者是如何使用假设来强调自己的论点。

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